Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exist in various tissues. In 1991, CAPLAN named a group of cells that could adhere to plastic culture plates in bone marrow, had high proliferation in vitro, and exhibited multipotent differentiation as mesenchymal stem cells. MSCs are a type of adult multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. Initially isolated from bone marrow, they have subsequently been found in various tissues such as skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, bone marrow, umbilical cord, cord blood, deciduous teeth tissue, amniotic membrane, and placenta.
Neuronal Mesenchymal Stem Cells are adult stem cells with self-renewal and multipotent differentiation potential, capable of differentiating into various tissues and organs derived from the mesoderm. While their primary differentiation involves tissue and organ tissues originating from the mesoderm, studies have also shown the potential of MSCs to differentiate into hepatocytes, neurons, and epithelial cells, among others, unrelated to the mesoderm.